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Enthousiasme16
L'inspiration alimente l'énergie ; alignez l'enthousiasme avec le but pour avancer efficacement.
↓ Line 1
Une action prématurée ou une expression d'enthousiasme peut entraîner des problèmes. Il est sage d'attendre le bon moment.
↓ Line 2
La fermeté et la patience sont nécessaires. En tenant bon, le succès viendra en temps voulu.
↓ Line 5
Malgré les défis et les difficultés, la persévérance mènera à la survie et au succès éventuel.
↓ Joie58
Adoptez la joie et communiquez ouvertement. Les interactions positives et l'enthousiasme partagé renforcent les liens et cultivent le bonheur.
16 Enthousiasme
Other titles: The Symbol of Harmonious Joy, Repose, Happiness, Providing-for/Provision, Excess, Merriment, Self-confidence, Contentment, Harmonize, Excitement, Intemperance, Self-deception "Repose in the absolute confidence that the action now being taken is right. Also refers to music." -- D.F. Hook
Judgment
Legge: Enthusiasm indicates that feudal princes may be set up and the army advantageously mobilized.
Wilhelm/Baynes:Enthusiasm. It furthers one to install helpers and to set armies marching.
Blofeld:Repose profits those engaged in building up the country and sending forth armies. [This means that perfect certainty as to the rightness of our cause is of great value under the conditions mentioned. The usual meaning of this character is "beforehand" or "happiness." In the English translation of Wilhelm's version, it appears as "enthusiasm." "Repose" was suggested by the Chinese experts who kindly vetted this manuscript. At first I felt hesitant about adopting it, until I realized that, where it is used favorably, it must be understood as the kind of mental repose which follows absolute confidence that the action now being taken is the right one. In lines one, three and six, however, it clearly means failure to act when action is essential; in line five, failure to act owing to incapacity.]
Liu:Happiness. It is of benefit to build up the country (or business), and send the army forth. [Receivers of this hexagram should be wary of exhibiting excessive enthusiasm when beginning a new undertaking. If they are not, there will be misfortune. The hexagram also advises that everything necessary for advancement should be made ready. Then if an opportunity presents itself, it should be seized immediately, without hesitation.]
Ritsema/Karcher: Providing-for , Harvesting: installing feudatories to move legions. [This hexagram describes your situation in terms of what is needed to meet the future. It emphasizes that accumulating strength through foresight and prudence so things can be fully enjoyed is the adequate way to handle it. To be in accord with the time, you are told to: provide-for!]
Shaughnessy: Excess: Beneficial to establish a lord and to move troops.
Cleary (1):Joy. It is advantageous to set up a ruler and mobilize the army.
Wu:Merriment indicates the advantage of establishing principalities and taking military actions.
The Image
Legge: Thunder exploding out of the Earth -- the image of Enthusiasm. The ancient kings, in accordance with this, composed their music and honored virtue, offering it especially to God when they worshipped him at the service of their ancestors.
Wilhelm/Baynes: Thunder comes resounding out of the earth: the image of Enthusiasm. Thus the ancient kings made music in order to honor merit, and offered it with splendor to the Supreme Deity, inviting their ancestors to be present.
Blofeld: This hexagram symbolizes thunder over the earth. The ancient rulers venerated heaven's gifts with solemn music and they sacrificed abundantly to the Supreme Lord of Heaven in order to be worthy of their ancestors.
Liu: Thunder arising from the earth symbolizes Happiness. The ancient kings composed music to honor virtue, offering it to God and the spirits of their ancestors.
Ritsema/Karcher: Thunder issuing-forth-from earth impetuously. Providing-for. The Earlier Kings used arousing delight to extol actualizing-tao. Exalting worship's Supreme Above. Using equalizing the grandfather predecessors. [Actualize-tao:ability to follow the course traced by the ongoing process of the cosmos... Linked with acquire, TE: acquiring that which makes a being become what it is meant to be.]
Cleary (1): When thunder emerges the earth stirs: Thus did the kings of yore make music to honor virtue, offering it in abundance to God, thereby to share it with their ancestors.
Wu: Thunder breaks out above the earth with a boom; this is Merriment. Thus the ancient kings used music to praise virtuous accomplishments and made grand offerings to the Supreme Being to be accompanied by their ancestors.
COMMENTARY
Confucius/Legge: Enthusiasm shows one dynamic line inspiring responsive obedience in all the others: devoted obedience takes action. Such obedient action conforms to natural law and creates order and discipline in the people. The planets and the seasons follow their natural cycles. The sages similarly obey the laws of their nature and the people acknowledge their regulations and punishments as just.
Legge:Enthusiasm shows harmony and contentment throughout the kingdom -- a time when the people rejoice in their sovereign and readily obey him. At such a time his appointments and any military undertakings would be hailed and supported. Because he is close to the fifth place of dignity, the dynamic fourth line is seen as the chief executive officer of the ruler. The ruler has confidence in him, and all of the magnetic lines yield their obedience. Obedience is the attribute of the lower trigram which here takes the initiative and uses Movement, which is the attribute of the upper trigram.
The symbolism of the Image is more obscure than usual. The use of music at sacrifices is supposed to assist in producing the union between God and his worshippers as well as the present and past generations.
NOTES AND PARAPHRASES
Judgment: Delegate authority and gather your forces.
The Superior Man synchronizes his will with the intent of the Self via the principles of the Work.
Enthusiasm is the reverse of the preceding hexagram of Temperance. In Temperance we saw the calm strength of a mountain concealed within the earth. In Enthusiasm we see thunder exploding out of the ground into the sky: the strength that was formerly tempered and restrained is now released. It is significant to note that while every line of Temperance is more or less "favorable,” every line of Enthusiasm is either negative or cautionary -- even the generally positive fourth line carries a hint of warning about “doubt.”
Negatively, Self-Deception (the passion of True Believers) seems to be what this hexagram is portraying. The figure often suggests a callow or deluded buoyancy -- the kind of outlook associated with romantic idealists. In its most negative aspect, Enthusiasm is Intemperance -- the exact opposite of the moderation and restraint shown in the preceding hexagram. The behavior of an untrained Great Dane puppy suddenly bursting into a formal dinner party could be described as "enthusiasm,” but hardly a desirable form thereof. The lower trigram of Obedient Devotion has suddenly employed the action and energy of the upper trigram of Thunderous Shock to express itself. This is inconsistent with the code of the superior man.
Conversely, in its most positive sense, Enthusiasm suggests the surety of total self-confidence. Blofeld translates this as Repose, explaining that the name was suggested to him by his Chinese advisors. We begin to understand this subtle distinction when we compare the seemingly obscure connection with music in the Image with a passage from Chuang- tse:
He who understands the music of heaven lives in accordance with nature in his life and takes part in the process of change of things in his death. In repose, his character is in harmony with the yin principle; in activity, his movement is in harmony with the yang principle. Therefore he who understands the music of heaven is not blamed by heaven or criticized by men ... It is said, "In action he is like heaven. In repose he is like the earth ... Because his mind has found repose, therefore the creation pays homage to him.”
To understand “the music of heaven” is to attain Repose, which is another way of describing the tranquility that comes with furthering the intent of the Self. The only dynamic line in the hexagram is in the minister's place just below the fifth-line ruler. He has the confidence of his sovereign and his actions therefore accord with heaven. We can turn to the Stoics to find an illustration of this idea:
My will is simply that which comes to pass. For I esteem what God wills better than what I will. To Him will I cleave as His minister and attendant; having the same movements, the same desires, in a word the same will as He. -- Epictetus
Thus we see that the hexagram can describe either one of two opposite conditions -- the intemperate Enthusiasm of ego-confidence (a synonym for Self-Deception), or the calm Repose of true SELF-confidence. The fifteenth and sixteenth hexagrams, each the inverse of the other, represent magnetic and dynamic aspects of the same general idea: Enthusiasm, when it emanates from the Self, is just Temperance in action.
Line 1
Legge: The first line, magnetic, shows its subject proclaiming her pleasure and satisfaction. There will be evil.
Wilhelm/Baynes:Enthusiasm that expresses itself brings misfortune.
Blofeld: The crowing of the cock bespeaks repose -- an evil omen! [A sleepy cockcrow is not likely to bring men leaping from their beds, yet the traditional role of the cock is to sound the call to renewed action.]
Liu: Happiness that shows itself off brings misfortune.
Ritsema/Karcher: Calling Provision. Pitfall. [Provide(-for)/Provision, YU: ready, prepared for; prearrange, take precaution, think beforehand; satisfied, contented, at ease.]
Shaughnessy: Calling out in excess; inauspicious.
Cleary (1): Trumpeting joy is inauspicious.
Wu: Crowing over merriment will be foreboding.
COMMENTARY
Confucius/Legge: Her wishes have been satisfied to overflowing. Wilhelm/ Baynes: This leads to the misfortune of having the will obstructed. Blofeld: The evil mentioned in this passage is that which results from utter exhaustion of the will-power. Ritsema/Karcher: Purpose exhausted, pitfall indeed. Cleary (2): Trumpeting joy bodes ill when the aspiration reaches an impasse. [The first yin harmonizes with the fourth yang above and rejoices in this; having no real qualities in oneself, only aspiring to cleave to others, how can one not come to an impasse?]Wu: Lacking aspiration will be foreboding.
Legge: Line one is magnetic, with a dynamic correlate in the fourth place. She may well enjoy the happiness of the time, but unable to contain herself, she erupts in boastful enthusiasm and calls undue attention to herself. Enthusiasm has thus been her undoing.
NOTES AND PARAPHRASES
Siu: At the outset, the man is enthusiastic and boastful.
Wing: Although you may have a harmonious connection with someone in a high position, it does not necessarily indicate that you are on top of the situation. Furthermore, if you boast of your advantage, you will surely invite disaster.
Editor: The meaning here can be subtle. Something (a strong emotion or attitude perhaps) is upsetting one’s equilibrium. In addition to the usual meaning of “enthusiasm,” this can symbolize any release or loss of energy (even despair, anguish, depression or grief – “Anti-Enthusiasm,” if you will), which serves to demolish Repose. Shaughnessy labels it Excess. Wilhelm and Blofeld render the Confucian commentary in terms of the obstruction or exhaustion of willpower. Ritsema/Karcher describe a loss of purpose; Cleary and Wu, blocked aspiration. If this is the only changing line, the hexagram changes to Shock, a plausible consequence in this case.
But woe unto you that are rich! For ye have received your consolation. Woe unto you that are full! For ye shall hunger. Woe unto you that laugh now! For ye shall mourn and weep. Luke 6: 24-25
A. A false sense of well-being – or, a false sense of despair. Examine the situation to determine where your conscious outlook or emotional response does not conform with the goals of the Work.
B. Ego/Self Repose is obstructed by inappropriate belief.
Line 2
Legge: The second line, magnetic, shows one who is firm as a rock. She sees a thing without waiting till it has come to pass; with her firm correctness there will be good fortune.
Wilhelm/Baynes: Firm as a rock. Not a whole day. Perseverance brings good fortune.
Blofeld: Unmoved as a rock; before the end of day, righteous persistence will bring good fortune. [Unmoved as a rock because of the repose which results from absolute confidence in a decision already taken.]
Liu: Firm and stable like a rock. Do not wait a whole day. Continuing brings good fortune.
Ritsema/Karcher: Chain-mail tending-towards petrification: Not completing the day. Trial: significant.
Shaughnessy: Scratched on a rock; not to the end of the day; determination is auspicious.
Cleary (1): Firm as a rock, not procrastinating, rectitude is good.
Wu: He is upright like a rock. In less time than the passing of the day, he discriminates the good from the bad. To be persevering is auspicious.
COMMENTARY
Confucius/Legge: This is shown by the central and correct position of the line. Wilhelm/Baynes: Because it is central and correct. Blofeld: This is indicated by the suitable position of this line which is central to the lower trigram. Ritsema/Karcher: Using centering correcting indeed. Cleary (2):
It is balanced in the right way. Wu: Because he is central and correct.
The Master said:"Does not he who knows the inception of things possess spirit-like wisdom? The superior man, in his intercourse with the high, uses no flattery, and, in his intercourse with the low, no coarse freedom: does not this show that he knows the inception of things? Those beginnings are the slight stirrings of movement, and the earliest indications of good fortune or ill. The superior man sees them, and acts accordingly without waiting for the delay of a single day. As is said in the I Ching, `He is firm as a rock, and acts without waiting for the delay of a single day. With firm goodness there will be good fortune.' Firm as a rock, how should he have to wait a single day to ensure his knowing those beginnings and his course? The superior man knows the minute and the manifested; he knows what is weak, and what is strong: he is a model to ten-thousand."
Legge: The magnetic second line is in her correct central position in the lower trigram. Quietly and firmly she is able to abide in her place and exercise a far-seeing discrimination. All is indicative of good fortune.
NOTES AND PARAPHRASES
Siu: The man is quiet, but firm as a rock, yet sensitive to the first imperceptible signs of impending changes. He does not delay in taking action.
Wing: To be able to recognize the early signs of a change in fortune is a tremendous gift. While others may be swept away by compelling rhythms and fads, you adhere firmly to the underlying principles of your nature and react appropriately to the demands of the time. Such is the behavior of leaders.
Editor: All translations except Legge and Cleary's render the second sentence in the imagery of "not waiting for a whole day to pass,” which suggests action taken on the basis of foresight, premonition or intuition. This line is sometimes an injunction to follow your common sense -- saying in effect, that an oracle is unnecessary to proclaim the obvious.
You don't need a weatherman to know
which way the wind blows.
-- Bob Dylan
A. Proper discrimination knows when to act, and when to refrain from action.
B. Your own intuition already knows the answer to your query.
Line 5
Legge: The fifth line, magnetic, shows one with a chronic complaint, but who lives on without dying.
Wilhelm/Baynes: Persistently ill, and still does not die.
Blofeld: Illness is presaged, but it will not last long or cause death.
Liu: Long illness, but still living.
Ritsema/Karcher: Trial: affliction. Persevering, not dying.
Shaughnessy: Determination is illness; if constant you will not die.
Cleary (1): There is a persistent illness, but one never dies.
Cleary (2): Chaste in illness, one never dies.
Wu: It is like having a persistent illness, but not fatal.
COMMENTARY
Confucius/Legge: She is mounted on a dynamic line in the central position, and her memories of the past have not yet perished. Wilhelm/Baynes: It rests upon a hard line. That it nevertheless does not die is due to the fact that the middle has not yet been passed. Blofeld: Illness is indicated because this yielding line comes immediately above a firm one. Recovery rather than death is to be expected because this line is, nevertheless, central to the upper trigram. Ritsema/Karcher: Trial: affliction. Riding a solid indeed. Persevering, not dying. Center not-yet extinguished indeed. Cleary (2): Being chaste in illness means riding on firmness. Never dying means not losing balance. Wu: Because its position remains central.
Legge: Line five is magnetic in the place of a dynamic ruler, and in danger of being carried away by the lust of enthusiasm. Her proximity to the powerful influence below is a source of danger. Hence she is represented as suffering from a chronic complaint.
NOTES AND PARAPHRASES
Siu: The man is continually complaining. Yet the very struggling against the daily troubles constitutes his immediate incentive for living.
Wing: Total harmony is obstructed and impossible. Yet the very awareness of this will keep you from sinking again into chaos and eventual defeat.
Wilhelm/Baynes: Here enthusiasm is obstructed. A man is under constant pressure, which prevents him from breathing freely. However, this pressure has its advantage – it prevents him from consuming his powers in empty enthusiasm. Thus constant pressure can actually serve to keep one alive.
Anthony: The situation is difficult and uncomfortable. We are still under the influence of striving to achieve results or hedging to prevent them. However, our discomfort is useful in causing us to seek out these attitudes which block our progress.
Editor: At its most neutral, the image suggests a chronic condition currently not amenable to being cured. Sometimes this feels like ironic irritation: the oracle seems to be asking: "When are you ever going to learn?” The ego is clinging to outmoded ways (the "memories" mentioned in Legge's Confucian commentary), and is yet unable to fully comprehend the demands of the Work. If this is the only changing line, the hexagram becomes #45, Gathering Together, with a corresponding line hinting that the source of our illness may be less-than-pristine dedication. Cleary (2): “Gathering around the position, there is no blame. If those who are not loyal remain ever-faithful to their original commitment, regret vanishes.”
Better is one’s own dharma, though imperfectly performed, than the dharma of another well performed. Bhagavad Gita
A. A chronic problem remains unresolved.
B. Nobody’s perfect: do the best you can with what you have.
C. Old illusions obstruct your growth.
58 Joie
Autres titres : La Joie, Allégresse, Satisfaction Plaisante, Encourageant, Délice, Ouvert, Usurpation, Indulgence personnelle, Plaisir, Gaieté, Frivolité, Optimisme Naïf
Jugement
Legge :La Joie indique que dans ces conditions, il y aura progrès et réussite, mais il sera avantageux d'être ferme et correct.
Wilhelm/Baynes :La Joyeuse. Succès. La persévérance est favorable.
Blofeld : Joie -- succès ! La persistance dans une voie juste apporte récompense.
Liu : Allégresse. Succès. La continuité est favorable.
Ritsema/Karcher :Ouvert, Croissance. Récolte d'Épreuve. [Cet hexagramme décrit votre situation en termes d'interaction et d'échange. Il souligne que stimuler les choses par des discours encourageants et persuasifs, l'action d'Ouvert, est la manière adéquate de la gérer. Pour être en accord avec le temps, on vous dit de : stimuler !]
Shaughnessy :Usurpation : Réception ; un peu bénéfique de déterminer.
Cleary (1): Joie est développementale, bénéfique si correcte. [Cet hexagramme représente la joie dans la pratique du Tao. Avoir sa volonté dans le Tao, c'est trouver la joie dans le Tao ; quand on se délecte du Tao, alors on peut pratiquer le Tao. C'est pourquoi la Joie est développementale.]
Cleary (2):Délice se manifeste, bénéfique si correct.
Wu:Joie indique la pénétration. Il est avantageux d'être persévérant.
L'Image
Legge: Deux images des eaux d'un marais, l'une sur l'autre, forment Joie. L'homme supérieur, en accord avec cela, encourage la conversation des amis et le stimulus de leur pratique commune.
Wilhelm/Baynes: Lacs reposant l'un sur l'autre : l'image de La Joyeuse. Ainsi l'homme supérieur se joint à ses amis pour la discussion et la pratique.
Blofeld: Cet hexagramme symbolise deux masses d'eau réunies. L'Homme Supérieur rejoint ses amis dans des discussions et dans la pratique des divers arts et vertus.
Liu: Les beaux lacs symbolisent Allégresse. L'homme supérieur rejoint ses compagnons pour l'enseignement et l'étude.
Ritsema/Karcher: Marais se rassemblant. Ouvert. Un chun tzu utilise des amis partenaires pour expliciter la répétition.
Cleary (1): Lacs joints sont joyeux. Ainsi les personnes supérieures expliquent et pratiquent avec des compagnons. [Comme l'eau fournit de l'humidité à une myriade d'êtres, la joie développe une myriade d'êtres ; joyeux à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur, atteignant l'extérieur depuis l'intérieur, communiquant avec l'intérieur depuis l'extérieur, l'intérieur et l'extérieur sont conjoints, sans séparation entre eux – c'est pourquoi on l'appelle joie.]
Cleary (2): ... Ainsi les personnes développées étudient et pratiquent avec des compagnons.
Wu: Un marais est adjacent à un autre ; c'est Joie. Ainsi le jun zi discute et échange des idées avec des amis.
COMMENTAIRE
Confucius/Legge:Joie a le sens de Satisfaction Plaisante. Nous avons les lignes dynamiques au centre et les lignes magnétiques sur le bord extérieur des deux trigrammes, indiquant que dans le plaisir, ce qui est le plus avantageux est le maintien d'une fermeté correcte. Grâce à cela, il y aura une conformité avec la volonté du ciel, et une correspondance avec les sentiments des hommes. Quand un tel plaisir précède le peuple, et le conduit, il oublie ses peines ; quand il l'anime à affronter des difficultés, il oublie le risque de mort. Quelle grande est la puissance de cette Satisfaction Plaisante, stimulant ainsi le peuple !
Legge: Le sentiment de plaisir est le sujet de cet hexagramme, qui est composé du trigramme doublé de Gaieté, ou Satisfaction Plaisante. Le progrès et la réussite de la figure sont dus à la ligne magnétique unique surmontant chaque trigramme et soutenue par les deux lignes dynamiques. L'idée est celle de la douceur qui est énergisée par une double portion de force.
Le plaisir qui conduit le peuple à endurer la peine et risquer la mort est l'effet de l'exemple instructif de leur dirigeant. Fu Fan-hsien paraphrase cette partie du texte comme : "Quand le sage avec cela les précède, il peut les faire endurer la peine sans aucun souhait de la refuser, et aller avec lui dans la difficulté et le danger sans qu'ils aient peur."
Anthony: Cet hexagramme parle, d'une part, de ce sur quoi repose la vraie joie, et d'autre part, de la joie comme désir, qui mène au conflit. L'essence de la vraie joie est la stabilité intérieure. Étant fermement dévoués à notre chemin, nous ne vacillons pas. Quand nous pensons au chemin doux et confortable, d'autre part, le conflit intérieur commence. Par conséquent, obtenir cet hexagramme indique que nous pouvons vaciller ou être irrésolus.
NOTES ET PARAPHRASES
Jugement: Une attitude joyeuse sert la volonté.
L'Homme Supérieur partage ses pensées et ses sentiments. [Ou, interprété psychologiquement : observe, pèse et intègre ses pensées avec ses sentiments.]
Le titre de cet hexagramme dénote la joie et le plaisir, et la plupart des gens le considèrent comme un bon présage lorsqu'ils le reçoivent. Pourtant, une analyse des lignes indique que seules les deux premières sont particulièrement favorables, et l'hexagramme lui-même semble rarement se référer à quelque chose de vaguement ressemblant à “Joie” dans une consultation typique de l'oracle. Les leçons à tirer de la figure sont les différences entre l'indulgence personnelle et le maintien de la stabilité émotionnelle dans sa conduite du Travail, qui exige toujours un contrôle ferme sur ses affects. Recevoir cet hexagramme sans lignes changeantes nécessite une discrimination attentive du consultant -- cela peut simplement signifier : "Oh jour heureux !" Ou, cela peut suggérer que vous examiniez une inclination vers un manque de contrôle dans la situation en question. L'oracle est capable d'un sarcasme brutal lorsque votre question le justifie, alors ne soyez pas trop prompt à accepter le sens superficiel deJoie – aussi souvent qu'autrement, Indulgence personnelle est le titre plus approprié.
Dans la frivolité légère, le centre est perdu ; dans l'action précipitée, la maîtrise de soi est perdue. Lao Tse
L'Image dépeint un échange ouvert parmi “amis.” Intrapsychiquement, cela suggère le va-et-vient normal entre pensées et sentiments dans le but d'atteindre l'intégration. Le symbole de “deux masses d'eau réunies” (Blofeld) pourrait se référer aux dimensions adjacentes de la pensée et de l'émotion au sein de la psyché. Lorsque les sentiments ne sont pas en harmonie avec la différenciation intellectuelle (un phénomène courant), le va-et-vient (“discussion et pratique”), est essentiel pour effectuer l'intégration : c'est-à-dire, l'harmonie, ou “joie.”"Pratique" suggère des cycles de temps, et l'idée que la perfection est encore à atteindre.
Le titre apparemment anormal de Shaughnessy pour cet hexagramme, Usurpation, offre quelques aperçus subtils sur le symbolisme ici. Les émotions, les sentiments, les affects, sont souvent décrits comme des forces démoniaques qui "usurpent" la conscience de l'ego et s'adonnent à la "joie" d'exprimer ce qu'ils représentent dans la psyché. C'est souvent ce qui est impliqué en recevant cet hexagramme.
Chacun de nous est équipé d'une disposition psychique qui limite notre liberté à un degré élevé et la rend pratiquement illusoire. Non seulement la "liberté de la volonté" est un problème incalculable philosophiquement, mais c'est aussi un abus de langage dans le sens pratique, car nous trouvons rarement quelqu'un qui n'est pas influencé et en effet dominé par des désirs, des habitudes, des impulsions, des préjugés, des ressentiments, et par toutes sortes de complexes. Tous ces faits naturels fonctionnent exactement comme un Olympe plein de divinités qui veulent être propitiées, servies, craintes et adorées, non seulement par le propriétaire individuel de ce panthéon assorti, mais par tout le monde dans son voisinage. Jung -- Psychologie et Religion
Le commentaire taoïste de Cleary : “Comme l'eau fournit de l'humidité à une myriade d'êtres, etc.,” soutient cette interprétation. L'eau symbolise le domaine émotionnel, et les “myriades d'êtres” qui y habitent sont des entités émotionnelles : des créatures comme des animaux sauvages, qui ne sont jamais plus heureuses que lorsqu'elles courent librement. Pour elles, c'est Joie; pour la fonction exécutive dans la psyché, c'est Indulgence personnelle. Usurpation a eu lieu.